| Leaves |
 |
6 to 12 cm long |
| |
tip taper-pointed |
| |
base usually heart-shaped |
| |
double-toothed |
| |
upper surface dull green, with numerous tiny resin dots |
| |
veins 7-9 per side |
|
| Fruit |
| |
mature seed catkins 3.5-5 cm long with nutlets 2-3 mm long |
|
| Bark |
| |
white or bronze-white |
| |
separates into several thin layers |
| |
copper-colored on the inner surface |
| |
peels freely, giving trunk a ragged look |
|
| General |
| |
a common birch found within the range of white birch and
is used in great quantities for fuelwood, and in manufacturing of plywood and flooring |
| |
up to 25m in height and 70 cm in diameter |
